Discussion

C as a Programming Language:

• Programming as logic
• Language as grammar and syntax
• Procedural
• Modular
• Abstraction/Hiding
• Object-Oriented
• C++: Parametrization or Generic Programming

Building:

• Generating an executable from code
• Concept of Makefile

Compiling:

• Preprocessing – cpp
• Compiling – gcc
• Some important flags (-o, -c, -Wall, -L, -I, -l, -g, -O, -D, -Wl,)
• Cross compiling

Directives and Include:

• #include
• #define
• #ifdef
• Include guards
• What's in the include?
• Include path “”, <>

General Guidelines

• Maintainability/Readability
• Flexibility/Scalability – Growth and Reduction
• Usability
• Re-usability of Code

Empty Program

• Every statement ends with ;
• Space insensitive
• {} scopes
• A brief intro to functions
• main

Data Types

• Primitive/Built-in data type controls:
• Typical types
  • double, float
  • int, short, long, long long
  • unsigned, unsigned short, unsigned long, unsigned long long
  • char, unsigned char – ASCII
• typedef (architecture example)

Variables

• Data Type (Domain)
• Scope – Variables on stack
• Declaration
• Global variables
• Qualifiers
  • static
  • extern

Data Represenation

• Writing constants
• Chars
• printf
• scanf

Operators

(type)  Cast Operator
[ ]  Array Subscript
a.b  a Member of b
a->b a Member by pointer b
}

• Unary (pre/post++, !, ~, &, *)

++a Prefix Increment
a++ Postfix Increment
!   Not
&   Address-of 
*   Indirection of (used mainly with Pointers)
~   

• Arithmetic (*,/,%,+,-)
• Bitwise (>>,<<,&,^,|)

==
    is equal to
!=
    is not equal to
>
    is greater than
<
    is less than
>=
    is greater than or equal to
<=
    is less than or equal to 

• Logical (&&, ||)

&&  Logical AND
    is logical AND same meaning as the AND operator
||  Logical OR
    is logical OR same meaning as the OR operator

• Conditional (? :)

Precedence

• Who gets processed First?
• Primary
• Unary (Right associative)

Casting

• Explicit cast
• Implicit cast

Code Example

//Declaration
int x; char c = 'k';
int x, y;

//Explicit Casting
char x = 'a'; int y = (int) x;
int x = 5; char y = (char) x;

// Implicit cast
double a, b, c; int x; c = a*b + x;
x = a*b + c;